What is HTTP?

It is a protocol that browser and the server uses to talk to each other

Read more on Mozilla's An overview of HTTP

Node.js and Express

Express is one of the most widely-used frameworks for Node.js. It simplifies base features of Node.js, making it easier and faster to build your application's backend. Learning Express gives you a great foundation for becoming a Node.js developer.

In the next steps, we will building a CMS (Content Management System) - a system to write, publish and save blog posts. Even though we could use core libraries like http to build this system, this becomes very complicated and non-maintainable very quickly. That is why we use frameworks like Express.

Before you Start

Fork the repository https://github.com/CodeYourFuture/express-workshop

$ git clone https://github.com/YOUR-USERNAME/express-workshop

Step 1 - Setting up your project

When creating a Node.js project, you will be installing a lot of different things along the way. If you want to share your project with others, you need to have a list of the things you installed, so that other people know what to install in order to run the project.

In Node.js, this 'list' file is called a package.json. The 'things you've installed' are referred to as dependencies. Creating this file is the first step in setting up your Node.js project.

1. Make a `package.json` file

Let's start by creating the package.json file. We can add things to it as the project grows. The package.json file is easy to create from the command line. Type the following command into your terminal to get started:

$ npm init

This command will initialise a step-by-step process for creating the package.json. You should see something like this:

It will ask you a bunch of questions.

You can skip most of the questions but change the entry point from (index.js) to server.js.

The wizard asks you for the following information: name, version, description, main, test, repository, keywords, author, license - do you understand all of them?

At the endo of the wizard, you should see a new file called package.json in your project's folder.

Here is an example package.json file for a project called Passport.

Step 2 - Installing Express

Before we write any code, you'll need to install the Express library. We're going to use the Node Package Manager (npm) to download it using the npm install command.

NPM is the place to go to download other Node code written by other people. There are thousands of open-source, 3rd-party Node modules (also known as "packages") by other people that you can download and use in your own projects.

As we install Express, we'll need to update the package.json to add Express as a dependency. We do this so that other people working on the project will know to install Express before running any of the code. This can be done by adding --save to the end of your command.

Run the following command in your terminal:

$ npm install express --save

Express should now be installed. Check your package.json file to make sure it has been added as a dependency. It will look like this:

Step 3 - Building the server

The first thing we need to do is build our server. You will always need to build a server when writing back-end code. A server can be built in pure Node.js, but Express gives us simpler syntax to work with.

1. Create a `server.js` file

Let's build our server! Before we do anything, let's create a new file called server.js. This is where all our server code is going to live.

2. `require` the `express` library

We already installed Express in Step 2, but we need to make sure it is included in this file specifically so we can make use of its methods. In Node.js, when you want to access the functionality of a library or module in another file, you require it.

To import Express, write the following inside server.js:

const express = require('express');

We will try and get used to ES6 syntax - so use const and let instead of var.

3. Initialise the server

To initialise our server, we just need to call the express() function. This will create an Express application for us to work with.

Add the second line of code to your server.js file:

const express = require('express');
const app = express();

4. Start 'listening' for potential requests

One more step left, we need to set a port for our server to listen to. Think of a port as a door number; any requests that come to the server will come via that door. Setting a port will allow us to find where our server is running.

We use the app.listen method to do this. This method takes two arguments: a port and a callback function telling it what to do once the server is running. Need clarification? Read more about the app.listen method in the Express documentation.

We're going to run our server on port 3000, and run a simple console.log as our callback function. Update your server.js file, calling the app.listen method:

const express = require('express');
const app = express();

app.listen(3000, function () {
  console.log('Server is listening on port 3000. Ready to accept requests!');
});

Try to use ES6 arrow functions instead of function.

5. Switch the server on!

You've built your server, but it isn't running yet. We need to run a command in the terminal to do this. We are going to use the node keyword to run the server file.

Type the following command in your terminal:

$ node server.js

If you see this, congratulations! You have built yourself a server!

Step 4 - Communicating with the server

Now that we've built the server, we need to communicate with it. We're going to control the server with handler functions.

What is a handler function?

When a request reaches the server, we need a way of responding to it. In comes the handler function. The handler function is just a function which receives requests and handles them, hence the name.

The handler function always takes a request and response object, and sends the response back to the client along with some information. You can decide what to send back in your response.

What does a handler function look like in Express?

The get() method is used to define a handler function in Express. It takes two parameters: the endpoint at which to trigger an action (we'll explain more about this in the next step), and the handler function that tells it exactly what to do. Here's a simple "Hello World!" example:

// req is the Request object, res is the Response object
// (these are just variable names, they can be anything but it's a convention to call them req and res)
app.get("/", function (req, res) {
    res.send("Hello World!");
});

Here, we are telling our server to respond with "Hello World!" when someone tries to access the webpage.

1. Create your own handler function.

We are now making a handler function with a custom message in our response. You can write any message you want.

Update your server.js file with an empty app.get() function:

const express = require("express");
const app = express();

app.get("/", function (req, res) {

});

app.listen(3000, function () {
  console.log("Server is listening on port 3000. Ready to accept requests!");
});

Exercise: Try to console.log the request object inside the handler function. Restart your server, refresh the browser, then go to your terminal to see what it looks like. You should see a lot of data come through.

2. Tell your handler function what to do

We want our handler function to send back a message to the client. To do that, we're going to use the Express send() method. This will update the response object with the message.

Update your handler function like so:

const express = require("express");
const app = express();

app.get("/", function (req, res) {
  res.send("Yay Node Girls!");
});

app.listen(3000, function () {
  console.log("Server is listening on port 3000. Ready to accept requests!");
});

3. Check it out in your browser

Quit your server in the terminal with ctrl + c. Then restart it to run your new changes.

$ node server.js

Now, open your favourite browser (we like Chrome), and navigate to http://localhost:3000. If you see your message in the browser, congratulations! You just sent your first response from the server.

Step 5 - Routing

At the moment our server only does one thing. When it receives a request from the / endpoint, it sends back the same response: "Yay Node Girls!".

Try typing http://localhost:3000/nodegirls and see what happens.

However by making use of endpoints, we can make the server send different responses for different requests. This concept is called routing.

What is an endpoint?

An endpoint is the part of the URL which comes after /. For example: /chocolate is the "chocolate" endpoint. It's the URL to which you send a request.

What is URL?

1. Create your own endpoints and send different responses

We're going to try sending different responses at different endpoints. Remember the app.get() method? To set up routing in your server, we just need to repeat this method with different endpoints.

For example:

app.get("/", function (req, res) {
    res.send("Hello World!");
});

app.get("/chocolate", function (req, res) {
    res.send("Mm chocolate :O");
});

Exercise: Add some code so that your server sends one message when the endpoint is /node and another one when it's /girls.

Step 6 - Serving static files

So we know how to send back a simple message. But what if you want to send back a whole HTML page, or an image?

Things like HTML files, images etc are known as static assets. If you want your server to "serve" static assets back to the browser, you need to do something different than just using the res.send() method.

To be able to send any file from the server we need a special, built-in middleware function that comes with Express: express.static(). Read more about it here.

Say we want to serve all the static assets in our "public" folder. The express.static() function will look like this:

app.use(express.static("public"));

1. Serve static files from your server

Delete all your app.get endpoint functions, and replace them with the line of code above. Restart your server, refresh your browser and see what happens! If you see a Node Girls CMS, then your static assets have been successfully served.

HTTP request methods

All requests use one of the HTTP methods. The main ones are: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE.

app.get deals with requests that use the GET HTTP method.

We will go into these Methods into more details, but for now, think of GET as a method for Getting data. POST is for POSTing/inserting new data. PUT is for updating. DELETE is for deleting data.

The `POST` http request method

When sending data to the server, we use the POST http request method, instead of GET.

Let's try POSTing some text to the server.

We're going to add a form to the index.html page, so that you can write your blogposts from there.

Open up the index.html file in your text editor. If you have a look, you should see this:

<div class="entry-container">
    <!--PASTE YOUR CODE HERE!! -->
</div>

Replace the greyed-out comment with this code snippet:

<h3>Create a blog post</h3>
<form action="/create-post" method="POST">
    <textarea name="blogpost" rows="10" cols="14"></textarea>
    <button type="submit">Send</button>
</form>

This form has a text area and a Send button.
The action attribute is the endpoint form data will be sent to.
The name attribute will be used later to reference the data.

When you hit Send, the form will send a POST request to the server, using whatever is in the action attribute as the endpoint. In our case it's /create-post.

Exercise: Open Chrome Developers tool, click the button and see what happens.

Receiving the blog post on the server

Data doesn't come through the server in one go; it flows to the server in a stream. Think of a stream as water flowing from a tap into a bucket. Your job is to collect this water in the server.
If we were writing a pure Node server, we would have to think about how to collect the stream of data properly. But luckily for us, Express handles all of that stuff under the hood.
All you need to do is define a route to deal with requests that come through on the /create-post endpoint.

Let's remind ourselves of a simple GET route in Express:

app.get('/hello-world', function (req, res) {
    res.send('Hello there!');
});

Exercise: This time we want to define a route to deal with a POST request not a GET. What do you think you would need to do differently? Experiment and see if you can define a route for the /create-post endpoint!

For now, make your /create-post handler simply do this: console.log('I am /create-post endpoint').

Extracting the blog post

Now the contents of your blogpost is hidden in your req object somewhere. Normally you would extract it using req.body. Try to console.log req.body now.

Getting undefined? Not to worry, that's normal. When data has been POSTed to the server as FormData, we need to do things slightly differently to access the data that's come through in the request.

We need another middleware function. Something that can get extract the contents out of the special FormData object. For this we will use express-formidable. express-formidable is another Express middleware. It will extract the form data from the request and make it available to you when you do req.fields.

This time though, express-formidable is not built-in, we need to explicitly install it.

In your terminal, install express-formidable

npm install express-formidable --save

require express-formidable so you can use it in your code. You can't use dashes in JavaScript variable names, so just call it const formidable.

const formidable = require('express-formidable');

Now add this towards the top of your server, after your requires and app.use(express.static('public')), but before your /create-post endpoint:

app.use(formidable());

Now inside your /create-post function, add:

console.log(req.fields);

Refresh your server and have another go at writing a blogpost.

You should now see an object in the console. The key should be blogpost, just like the name attribute in the form on the HTML page. The value of blogpost will be your message!

Exercise: Try putting app.use(formidable()); at the end of the file (after the create-post but before starting the server)

What is a middleware in Express? Middleware functions are functions that have access to the request object (req), the response object (res), and the next function in the application’s request-response cycle. The next function is a function in the Express router which, when invoked, executes the middleware succeeding the current middleware. Read more on the Express documentation

Step 8 - Saving your blog post

Right now, your precious blog posts aren't being saved anywhere, which is a bit of a shame. Let's do something about that.

You'll note that in the data folder there's a new file called posts.json.

If you look at posts.json will see there's already one blog post there. The format is:

{
    [timestamp]: [blog post message]
}

We've used a timestamp as the key so that the blog posts are listed in chronological order. Also, it's a record of when the blog post was created.

Writing to your hard drive

Anytime a blog post comes through to the server, we want to save the data on your computer's hard drive. To do this, we need to use a built-in Node module: fs, which stands for 'file-system'.

Built-in Node modules - core Node modules - are rather like the built-in Express middleware functions. Only difference is that where you need to have installed Express to use Express middleware functions, the core Node modules come automatically with Node itself.

To use fs, you'll need to require it at the top of your server file:

const fs = require('fs');

The method we need to write to your hard drive is fs.writeFile.

fs.writeFile('path/to/file', yourData, function (error) {
    // do something
});

Argument 1: the location of the file you want to write to
Argument 2: the data you want to write
Argument 3: the callback function

The 'path/to/file' will be replaced with the actual path to the file you want to write to. If it doesn't exist, fs.writeFile cleverly creates one for you. But we already have posts.json, so not to worry.

Reading from your hard drive

To read data that's already there, you would use fs.readFile. The way to use fs.readFile is very similar to fs.writeFile:

fs.readFile('path/to/file', function (error, file) {
    // do something
});

Argument 1: the location of the file you want to write to
Argument 2: the callback function

You'll notice that fs.readFile's callback function takes a second argument. That argument would be the file you're reading.

Let's read the data from the posts.json file. Make sure you've required the fs core Node module at the top of your server file somewhere.

Add this code to your server (put it anywhere after the requires for now):

fs.readFile(__dirname + '/data/posts.json', function (error, file) {

    console.log(file);
});

(__dirname is a Node global object that gives you a path to current working directory. It's handy if we want to avoid writing the whole path out in full.)

If you restart the server, you'll probably see something like this:

<Buffer 7b 0a 20 20 20 20 22 31 34 36 37 33 39 30 33 35 36 32 39 31 22 3a 20 22 54 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 6d 79 20 76 65 72 79 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 62 6c 6f 67 ... >

This is actually the contents of your posts.json file, but in a format called a buffer. To make it a bit more human-readable, you can console.log the file to a string, like this:

console.log(file.toString());

file is in JSON format right now. If we want to access the blog post message inside file, we need to parse it from JSON back to a JavaScipt object.

Add this next bit of code to your fs.readFile's callback function:

const parsedFile = JSON.parse(file);

Now parsedFile is a normal JavaScript object, and we can access the data inside it.

Ok, so we've talked about JSON and we've talked about reading and writing files. You now have the power to save new blog post data to your hard drive! Work with your partner and your mentor to see if you can figure the next steps out on your own.

Here's a breakdown of what you want to achieve:

When new blog post data comes through, read from posts.json to access its contents
Add your new blog post data to the old ones.
Write your new combined data back to the posts.json file.

Things to remember

fs.writeFile() normally overwrites the target file you've given it. Chances are you don't want to lose all your old blog posts every time you get a new one, so think about how you can combine fs.readFile() and fs.writeFile() to prevent overwriting.
You will need to convert between JSON and a JavaScript object several times. JSON.parse() and JSON.stringify() are what you need.

Oh by the way, if you want to get the current timestamp, use the JavaScript Date.now() method.

Step 9 - Displaying your blog posts

So now we're saving the blog posts to the server. Time to get them and display them on the page!

If you look inside public/script.js, there's a whole bunch of JavaScript code in there. Don't worry about what all the code means, just know that it's responsible for sending a request to GET old blog posts and display them on the page underneath "Recent Posts".

script.js is trying to load existing posts by making a GET request. Look inside script.js and see if you can find any useful endpoints.

Your script.js file will want to receive the JSON containing your blog posts. Your job is to make that happen!

Express has a handy method called res.sendFile() that makes it easy to send files back to the client. Feel free to use this with your JSON.

If all goes well, you should have a fully functional CMS!

Express

What is HTTP?

Node.js and Express

Before you Start

Step 1 - Setting up your project

1. Make a `package.json` file

Step 2 - Installing Express

Step 3 - Building the server

1. Create a `server.js` file

2. `require` the `express` library

3. Initialise the server

4. Start 'listening' for potential requests

5. Switch the server on!

Step 4 - Communicating with the server

What is a handler function?

What does a handler function look like in Express?

1. Create your own handler function.

2. Tell your handler function what to do

3. Check it out in your browser

Step 5 - Routing

What is an endpoint?

What is URL?

1. Create your own endpoints and send different responses

Step 6 - Serving static files

1. Serve static files from your server

HTTP request methods

The `POST` http request method

Receiving the blog post on the server

Extracting the blog post

Step 8 - Saving your blog post

Writing to your hard drive

Reading from your hard drive

Things to remember

Step 9 - Displaying your blog posts

results matching ""

No results matching ""

What is HTTP?

Node.js and Express

Before you Start

Step 1 - Setting up your project

1. Make a package.json file

Step 2 - Installing Express

Step 3 - Building the server

1. Create a server.js file

2. require the express library

3. Initialise the server

4. Start 'listening' for potential requests

5. Switch the server on!

Step 4 - Communicating with the server

What is a handler function?

What does a handler function look like in Express?

1. Create your own handler function.

2. Tell your handler function what to do

3. Check it out in your browser

Step 5 - Routing

What is an endpoint?

What is URL?

1. Create your own endpoints and send different responses

Step 6 - Serving static files

1. Serve static files from your server

HTTP request methods

The POST http request method

Receiving the blog post on the server

Extracting the blog post

Step 8 - Saving your blog post

Writing to your hard drive

Reading from your hard drive

Things to remember

Step 9 - Displaying your blog posts

results matching ""

No results matching ""

1. Make a `package.json` file

1. Create a `server.js` file

2. `require` the `express` library

The `POST` http request method